1. Health and Disease
- Health: State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being.
- Disease: Malfunctioning of body organs or systems.
- Diseases may be:
- Infectious (Communicable) – Spread from person to person.
- Non-infectious (Non-communicable) – Do not spread.
2. Causes of Diseases
A. Infectious Agents (Pathogens)
- Viruses – e.g., common cold, AIDS
- Bacteria – e.g., tuberculosis, typhoid
- Fungi – e.g., ringworm
- Protozoa – e.g., malaria
- Helminths (worms) – e.g., ascariasis
Modes of Transmission
- Air
- Water and food
- Direct contact
- Vectors (e.g., mosquitoes)
3. Immunity
A. Innate Immunity (Non-specific)
- Present from birth.
- Includes:
- Physical barriers (skin)
- Cellular barriers (WBCs)
- Physiological barriers (acid in stomach)
B. Acquired Immunity (Specific)
- Develops after infection or vaccination.
- Involves B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes.
- Types:
- Active immunity – Body produces antibodies.
- Passive immunity – Ready-made antibodies given.
4. Vaccination and Immunization
- Vaccine: Weakened or killed pathogen used to stimulate immunity.
- Produces memory cells for long-term protection.
- Example: Polio vaccine, BCG vaccine.
5. Common Diseases
A. Bacterial Diseases
- Tuberculosis (TB) – Affects lungs.
- Typhoid – Caused by contaminated food/water.
B. Viral Diseases
- AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)
- Caused by HIV.
- Attacks immune system (T-helper cells).
- Spread by unprotected sex, blood transfusion, infected needles.
C. Protozoan Disease
- Malaria
- Caused by Plasmodium.
- Spread by female Anopheles mosquito.
6. Cancer
- Uncontrolled cell division.
- Caused by mutation in genes controlling cell cycle.
- Oncogenes – Cancer-causing genes.
- Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy.
7. Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
- Drug abuse: Excessive use of harmful substances.
- Effects:
- Damage to liver, brain, and heart
- Addiction
- Social problems
- Prevention: Education, counseling, awareness.
8. Prevention and Control of Diseases
- Personal hygiene
- Balanced diet
- Regular exercise
- Vaccination
- Public awareness programs
Human Health and Disease | MCQs
- Health is defined as:
a) Absence of disease
b) Physical fitness only
c) Complete physical, mental and social well-being
d) Mental stability only
Answer: c) Complete physical, mental and social well-being - Diseases that spread from one person to another are called:
a) Genetic diseases
b) Communicable diseases
c) Nutritional diseases
d) Deficiency diseases
Answer: b) Communicable diseases
2. Pathogens and Transmission
- Tuberculosis is caused by:
a) Virus
b) Bacteria
c) Fungi
d) Protozoa
Answer: b) Bacteria - Malaria is caused by:
a) Virus
b) Bacteria
c) Protozoa
d) Helminth
Answer: c) Protozoa - Female Anopheles mosquito transmits:
a) Dengue
b) Malaria
c) Cholera
d) Typhoid
Answer: b) Malaria - AIDS spreads through:
a) Casual contact
b) Mosquito bite
c) Infected blood transfusion
d) Air
Answer: c) Infected blood transfusion - Typhoid spreads mainly through:
a) Air
b) Contaminated food and water
c) Mosquito bite
d) Skin contact
Answer: b) Contaminated food and water
3. Immunity
- Immunity present from birth is called:
a) Acquired immunity
b) Passive immunity
c) Innate immunity
d) Artificial immunity
Answer: c) Innate immunity - Antibodies are produced by:
a) T-lymphocytes
b) B-lymphocytes
c) RBCs
d) Platelets
Answer: b) B-lymphocytes - Memory cells are formed during:
a) Innate immunity
b) Acquired immunity
c) Mutation
d) Infection only
Answer: b) Acquired immunity - Vaccination provides:
a) Passive immunity
b) Active immunity
c) Genetic immunity
d) Artificial infection
Answer: b) Active immunity - Skin acts as a:
a) Chemical barrier
b) Cellular barrier
c) Physical barrier
d) Genetic barrier
Answer: c) Physical barrier
4. AIDS
- AIDS is caused by:
a) Bacteria
b) Protozoa
c) Virus
d) Fungus
Answer: c) Virus - HIV attacks:
a) RBCs
b) T-helper cells
c) Platelets
d) Neurons
Answer: b) T-helper cells - AIDS stands for:
a) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
b) Auto Immune Disease Syndrome
c) Acquired Infectious Disease System
d) Acute Immune Deficiency State
Answer: a) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
5. Cancer
- Cancer is caused by:
a) Controlled cell division
b) Uncontrolled cell division
c) Lack of oxygen
d) Nutrient deficiency
Answer: b) Uncontrolled cell division - Genes that cause cancer are called:
a) Exons
b) Introns
c) Oncogenes
d) Operons
Answer: c) Oncogenes - Chemotherapy is used for:
a) Malaria
b) Cancer treatment
c) TB
d) Typhoid
Answer: b) Cancer treatment
6. Drugs and Alcohol Abuse
- Drug addiction primarily affects the:
a) Liver only
b) Heart only
c) Brain and nervous system
d) Bones
Answer: c) Brain and nervous system - Excessive alcohol consumption can damage the:
a) Kidney
b) Liver
c) Skin
d) Teeth
Answer: b) Liver