A. Standard / Conceptual MCQs – Human Health and Disease (50 MCQs)

1. Diseases & Immunity Basics

Q1. Disease is defined as:
A. Any deviation from normal structure or function
B. Infection by bacteria only
C. Genetic abnormality only
D. Fever

Q2. Pathogens are:
A. Disease-causing organisms
B. Beneficial microbes
C. Symbiotic organisms
D. Antibiotics

Q3. Infectious diseases can be transmitted by:
A. Air, water, vectors, contact
B. Only water
C. Only vectors
D. Only food

Q4. Epidemiology is the study of:
A. Distribution and determinants of disease
B. Antibiotics
C. Viral replication
D. Tumor biology

Q5. Non-infectious diseases include:
A. Diabetes, hypertension, cancer
B. Tuberculosis
C. Malaria
D. Influenza

---

2. Pathogens – Bacteria, Virus, Fungi, Protozoa, Helminths

Q6. Tuberculosis is caused by:
A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B. Plasmodium falciparum
C. HIV
D. Candida albicans

Q7. Cholera is caused by:
A. Vibrio cholerae
B. Salmonella typhi
C. Entamoeba histolytica
D. Mycobacterium leprae

Q8. Malaria is caused by:
A. Plasmodium spp.
B. Bacillus anthracis
C. Trypanosoma
D. Influenza virus

Q9. AIDS is caused by:
A. HIV
B. HBV
C. HCV
D. Polio virus

Q10. Ringworm is caused by:
A. Fungi (Trichophyton)
B. Virus
C. Protozoa
D. Bacteria

Q11. Elephantiasis is caused by:
A. Wuchereria bancrofti
B. Plasmodium vivax
C. HIV
D. Salmonella

Q12. Amoebiasis is caused by:
A. Entamoeba histolytica
B. Giardia lamblia
C. Plasmodium
D. Trypanosoma

Q13. Filariasis is transmitted by:
A. Mosquitoes (Culex)
B. Sandfly
C. Tsetse fly
D. Housefly

Q14. Typhoid fever is caused by:
A. Salmonella typhi
B. Vibrio cholerae
C. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
D. Streptococcus pyogenes

Q15. Common cold is caused by:
A. Rhinovirus
B. Influenza virus
C. Coronavirus
D. Adenovirus

---

3. Common Diseases

Q16. Hepatitis B virus primarily affects:
A. Liver
B. Lungs
C. Brain
D. Heart

Q17. Tuberculosis mainly affects:
A. Lungs
B. Liver
C. Kidneys
D. Blood

Q18. Dengue fever is transmitted by:
A. Aedes mosquito
B. Anopheles mosquito
C. Culex mosquito
D. Sandfly

Q19. Plasmodium vivax causes:
A. Malaria
B. Amoebiasis
C. Cholera
D. Typhoid

Q20. Polio virus attacks:
A. Central nervous system
B. Liver
C. Kidneys
D. Blood

Q21. Influenza virus contains:
A. RNA
B. DNA
C. Both DNA & RNA
D. Protein only

Q22. Hepatitis C is primarily transmitted via:
A. Blood
B. Air
C. Water
D. Mosquito

Q23. Rabies virus affects:
A. Central nervous system
B. Liver
C. Lungs
D. Stomach

Q24. Typhoid vaccine contains:
A. Killed Salmonella typhi
B. Live Plasmodium
C. Killed Mycobacterium
D. Polio virus

Q25. Symptoms of malaria include:
A. Fever, chills, anemia
B. Skin rash only
C. Cough only
D. Diarrhea only

---

4. Immunity – Innate & Acquired

Q26. First line of defense in human body is:
A. Skin and mucous membranes
B. T-cells
C. Antibodies
D. Bone marrow

Q27. Phagocytosis is carried out by:
A. Macrophages and neutrophils
B. Red blood cells
C. Platelets
D. T-lymphocytes

Q28. Humoral immunity involves:
A. B-lymphocytes producing antibodies
B. T-lymphocytes only
C. Macrophages only
D. NK cells

Q29. Cell-mediated immunity involves:
A. T-lymphocytes
B. B-lymphocytes
C. Platelets
D. RBCs

Q30. Antigen-presenting cells include:
A. Dendritic cells and macrophages
B. RBCs
C. Platelets
D. Neutrophils only

Q31. Innate immunity is:
A. Non-specific, present at birth
B. Specific and adaptive
C. Acquired after vaccination
D. Dependent on antibodies only

Q32. Acquired immunity develops:
A. After exposure to pathogen
B. Present at birth
C. Only via maternal antibodies
D. Through diet

Q33. Passive immunity is:
A. Transfer of pre-formed antibodies
B. Production of antibodies by host
C. Genetic immunity
D. Non-specific immunity

Q34. Active immunity is:
A. Host produces antibodies after exposure
B. Host receives antibodies
C. Immunity from skin only
D. Innate immunity

Q35. Lymphocytes are produced in:
A. Bone marrow and thymus
B. Liver
C. Pancreas
D. Kidney

---

5. Vaccines & Antibiotics

Q36. Vaccine contains:
A. Antigens that stimulate immune response
B. Antibiotics
C. Pathogen-free water
D. Red blood cells

Q37. BCG vaccine protects against:
A. Tuberculosis
B. Polio
C. Measles
D. Hepatitis B

Q38. Polio vaccine is:
A. Live attenuated or inactivated virus
B. Killed bacteria
C. Antibiotic
D. Toxin only

Q39. Antibiotics act on:
A. Bacteria
B. Viruses
C. Fungi
D. Protozoa

Q40. Penicillin was discovered by:
A. Alexander Fleming
B. Louis Pasteur
C. Robert Koch
D. Edward Jenner

Q41. Overuse of antibiotics leads to:
A. Antibiotic resistance
B. Increased immunity
C. Viral destruction
D. Mutation in humans

Q42. Toxoid vaccines contain:
A. Inactivated bacterial toxins
B. Live virus
C. DNA only
D. Antibodies

---

6. Cancer & Tumors

Q43. Cancer is characterized by:
A. Uncontrolled cell division
B. Apoptosis
C. Differentiation
D. Immunity

Q44. Oncogenes are:
A. Genes that promote cancer
B. Tumor suppressor genes
C. Immune genes
D. Viral genes only

Q45. Tumor suppressor genes:
A. Prevent uncontrolled cell division
B. Promote tumor formation
C. Act on viruses
D. None

Q46. Leukemia affects:
A. White blood cells
B. RBCs
C. Platelets
D. Brain cells

---

7. Autoimmune & Allergic Disorders

Q47. Autoimmune diseases occur when:
A. Immune system attacks self-cells
B. Pathogen attacks host
C. Virus replicates
D. Bacteria invade

Q48. Examples of autoimmune disorders:
A. Rheumatoid arthritis, Type 1 diabetes
B. Malaria, Tuberculosis
C. Influenza, Dengue
D. Cholera, Typhoid

Q49. Allergy is:
A. Hypersensitive immune response to harmless antigen
B. Bacterial infection
C. Viral infection
D. Cancer

Q50. Histamine release causes:
A. Inflammation in allergy
B. Cancer
C. Antibody production
D. Phagocytosis

B. Assertion–Reason MCQs – Human Health and Disease (15 MCQs)

Q51.
Assertion: Antibiotics are effective against bacterial infections.
Reason: Antibiotics target specific bacterial cellular processes such as cell wall synthesis or protein synthesis.

Q52.
Assertion: Vaccination provides active immunity.
Reason: Vaccines contain antigens that stimulate the host to produce antibodies and memory cells.

Q53.
Assertion: HIV infection leads to immunodeficiency.
Reason: HIV destroys CD4+ T-helper lymphocytes, impairing adaptive immunity.

Q54.
Assertion: BCG vaccine protects against tuberculosis.
Reason: It contains live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis that induces immune response.

Q55.
Assertion: Autoimmune diseases occur due to immune system malfunction.
Reason: The immune system attacks self-antigens instead of pathogens.

Q56.
Assertion: Malaria is a vector-borne disease.
Reason: It is caused by Plasmodium transmitted through Anopheles mosquito.

Q57.
Assertion: Penicillin is ineffective against viruses.
Reason: Viruses lack cell wall and metabolic machinery targeted by penicillin.

Q58.
Assertion: Hepatitis B vaccine is given to newborns.
Reason: Early vaccination prevents vertical transmission from mother to child.

Q59.
Assertion: Inflammation is a nonspecific defense mechanism.
Reason: It involves local release of histamine, vasodilation, and phagocyte recruitment.

Q60.
Assertion: Cancer cells can metastasize.
Reason: They lose normal adhesion and invade other tissues via blood or lymph.

Q61.
Assertion: Passive immunity provides immediate protection.
Reason: Pre-formed antibodies are transferred from another individual.

Q62.
Assertion: Allergic reactions involve histamine release.
Reason: Mast cells release histamine in response to harmless antigens.

Q63.
Assertion: Tuberculosis can be controlled by vaccination and antibiotics.
Reason: Combination of BCG vaccination and rifampicin therapy prevents infection and progression.

Q64.
Assertion: Protozoan infections like amoebiasis can be treated with specific drugs.
Reason: Drugs target protozoal metabolism or replication without affecting host cells.

Q65.
Assertion: Lymphocytes are central to adaptive immunity.
Reason: B-lymphocytes produce antibodies and T-lymphocytes mediate cell-mediated response.

---

C. Difficult / Case / Diagram-Based MCQs – Human Health and Disease (15 MCQs)

Q66. A patient has persistent cough, weight loss, and night sweats. Which pathogen is most likely responsible?
A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
B. Vibrio cholerae
C. Plasmodium falciparum
D. HIV

Q67. In an epidemic, Aedes mosquito population increases and dengue cases rise. The mode of transmission is:
A. Vector-borne
B. Water-borne
C. Air-borne
D. Contact

Q68. A child shows swollen lymph nodes, fever, and rash after exposure to measles. Immunity type developed is:
A. Active acquired
B. Passive acquired
C. Innate
D. Artificial passive

Q69. A patient with AIDS has low CD4+ count. This leads to:
A. Increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections
B. Increased antibody production
C. Resistance to viral infection
D. No effect on immunity

Q70. A person receives antivenom after snakebite. This is an example of:
A. Passive immunity
B. Active immunity
C. Innate immunity
D. Herd immunity

Q71. Overuse of antibiotics in a community leads to:
A. Antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains
B. Viral elimination
C. Increased innate immunity
D. Reduced cancer risk

Q72. A diagram shows phagocytosis of bacteria by macrophages. Which process is represented?
A. Innate immunity
B. Adaptive immunity
C. Passive immunity
D. Vaccine response

Q73. Patient shows hemophilia due to genetic mutation. This disease is:
A. Non-infectious genetic disorder
B. Infectious disease
C. Autoimmune disorder
D. Cancer

Q74. Cancer cells show uncontrolled growth and invasion into neighboring tissues. This property is called:
A. Malignancy
B. Metastasis
C. Benign tumor
D. Hyperplasia

Q75. A person allergic to pollen sneezes repeatedly and develops watery eyes. The underlying mechanism is:
A. Histamine release from mast cells
B. Bacterial infection
C. Viral replication
D. Autoimmune response

Q76. Hepatitis B virus infects liver cells. Which type of immunity can prevent infection effectively?
A. Active vaccination
B. Passive serum injection
C. Antibiotics
D. Antifungal therapy

Q77. A person develops polio due to oral polio vaccine (rare). This is an example of:
A. Vaccine-associated infection
B. Natural infection
C. Autoimmune disease
D. Bacterial infection

Q78. Diagram shows lymphocytes interacting with antigen-presenting cells. This process triggers:
A. Adaptive immune response
B. Inflammation only
C. Passive immunity
D. Allergic response

Q79. A patient with jaundice is diagnosed with Hepatitis C. Transmission occurs via:
A. Blood and body fluids
B. Air
C. Vector
D. Food

Q80. Overcrowding in a community increases infectious disease spread. This demonstrates:
A. Epidemiological principle
B. Autoimmune disorder
C. Genetic disease
D. Cancer spread

A. Standard / Conceptual MCQs – Answers + Explanations (Q1–Q50)

Q.No	Answer	Explanation
1	A	Disease is any deviation from normal structure or function, not limited to infection.
2	A	Pathogens are organisms causing disease, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa.
3	A	Infectious diseases spread via air, water, vectors, or contact.
4	A	Epidemiology studies patterns, causes, and control of diseases in populations.
5	A	Non-infectious diseases include diabetes, hypertension, and cancer.
6	A	TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a bacterial pathogen.
7	A	Cholera is caused by Vibrio cholerae, transmitted through contaminated water.
8	A	Malaria is caused by Plasmodium species, a protozoan parasite.
9	A	AIDS is caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
10	A	Ringworm is caused by fungi such as Trichophyton.
11	A	Elephantiasis is caused by filarial worms like Wuchereria bancrofti.
12	A	Amoebiasis is caused by protozoan Entamoeba histolytica.
13	A	Filariasis is transmitted by Culex mosquitoes.
14	A	Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi.
15	A	Common cold is primarily caused by Rhinovirus.
16	A	Hepatitis B virus infects hepatocytes (liver cells).
17	A	TB mainly affects lungs but can affect other organs.
18	A	Dengue is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes (vector-borne).
19	A	Plasmodium vivax is a protozoan causing malaria.
20	A	Polio virus primarily attacks CNS motor neurons.
21	A	Influenza virus is RNA-based.
22	A	Hepatitis C is transmitted mainly via blood or body fluids.
23	A	Rabies virus infects CNS, leading to fatal encephalitis.
24	A	Typhoid vaccine contains killed or attenuated Salmonella typhi.
25	A	Malaria symptoms include fever, chills, and anemia due to RBC destruction.
26	A	First line of defense is non-specific barriers like skin and mucous.
27	A	Macrophages and neutrophils phagocytose pathogens as innate immunity.
28	A	Humoral immunity is mediated by B-cells producing antibodies.
29	A	Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T-lymphocytes.
30	A	APCs (dendritic cells, macrophages) present antigens to lymphocytes.
31	A	Innate immunity is non-specific and present from birth.
32	A	Acquired immunity develops after exposure to pathogens or vaccines.
33	A	Passive immunity involves transfer of pre-formed antibodies.
34	A	Active immunity occurs when host produces antibodies after exposure.
35	A	Lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow and thymus (B and T cells).
36	A	Vaccines contain antigens to elicit immune response.
37	A	BCG vaccine (live attenuated Mycobacterium bovis) protects against TB.
38	A	Polio vaccine may be live attenuated (oral) or inactivated (injectable).
39	A	Antibiotics target bacteria, not viruses.
40	A	Penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928.
41	A	Overuse of antibiotics leads to selection of resistant bacterial strains.
42	A	Toxoid vaccines contain inactivated bacterial toxins to stimulate immunity.
43	A	Cancer is uncontrolled cell division due to genetic mutations.
44	A	Oncogenes are mutated genes that promote cancer progression.
45	A	Tumor suppressor genes prevent uncontrolled cell proliferation.
46	A	Leukemia affects white blood cells.
47	A	Autoimmune diseases occur when immune system attacks self-cells.
48	A	Examples include rheumatoid arthritis and Type 1 diabetes.
49	A	Allergy is hypersensitivity to harmless antigens.
50	A	Histamine release from mast cells causes inflammation in allergy.

---

B. Assertion–Reason MCQs – Answers + Explanations (Q51–Q65)

Q.No	Answer	Explanation
51	A	Both true; antibiotics inhibit bacterial processes like cell wall synthesis.
52	A	Both true; vaccines stimulate antibody production and memory cell formation.
53	A	Both true; HIV destroys CD4+ T-helper cells, leading to immunodeficiency.
54	A	Both true; BCG induces immune response against TB bacteria.
55	A	Both true; immune system attacks own cells → autoimmune disease.
56	A	Both true; malaria is transmitted by vector (Anopheles mosquito).
57	A	Both true; penicillin acts on bacterial cell wall, absent in viruses.
58	A	Both true; early HBV vaccination prevents vertical transmission.
59	A	Both true; inflammation is a nonspecific defense mechanism.
60	A	Both true; cancer cells metastasize via loss of adhesion.
61	A	Both true; passive immunity provides immediate protection via pre-formed antibodies.
62	A	Both true; allergies involve mast cell histamine release.
63	A	Both true; combination of vaccination and antibiotics controls TB.
64	A	Both true; anti-protozoal drugs target protozoa without harming host.
65	A	Both true; lymphocytes mediate adaptive immunity (B and T cells).

---

C. Difficult / Case / Diagram-Based MCQs – Answers + Explanations (Q66–Q80)

Q.No	Answer	Explanation
66	A	Persistent cough, weight loss, night sweats → TB (Mycobacterium tuberculosis).
67	A	Dengue increases with Aedes population → vector-borne disease.
68	A	Child develops immunity via exposure → active acquired immunity.
69	A	Low CD4+ count → immunodeficiency, more opportunistic infections.
70	A	Antivenom contains pre-formed antibodies → passive immunity.
71	A	Overuse of antibiotics selects resistant bacterial strains.
72	A	Phagocytosis by macrophages represents innate immunity.
73	A	Hemophilia is a non-infectious genetic disorder.
74	A	Uncontrolled growth + invasion = malignancy.
75	A	Allergy symptoms caused by histamine release from mast cells.
76	A	Active vaccination stimulates adaptive immunity against HBV.
77	A	Rare vaccine-associated polio is caused by live attenuated virus.
78	A	APC-lymphocyte interaction triggers adaptive immune response.
79	A	Hepatitis C is transmitted via blood and body fluids.
80	A	Overcrowding → epidemiological principle: increased transmission risk.