🌿 1. What is Reproduction?
Reproduction is the biological process by which living organisms produce new individuals of their own kind.
👉 It ensures continuity of life.
🔄 2. Types of Reproduction
🔹 (A) Asexual Reproduction
- Involves one parent
- No gametes involved
- Offspring are genetically identical
Methods:
- Binary fission (Amoeba)
- Budding (Yeast)
- Fragmentation (Spirogyra)
- Vegetative propagation (plants)
🔹 (B) Sexual Reproduction
- Involves two parents
- Fusion of male and female gametes
- Offspring show variation
🌱 3. Asexual Reproduction in Detail
🔹 Binary Fission
- One cell divides into two equal cells
- Example: Amoeba, bacteria
🔹 Budding
- New organism develops from a bud
- Example: Yeast, Hydra
🔹 Vegetative Propagation
- New plant grows from root, stem or leaf
- Example: potato, onion
🌸 4. Sexual Reproduction in Plants
Steps:
- Pollination (transfer of pollen)
- Fertilization (fusion of gametes)
- Seed formation
- Germination
🌺 5. Parts of Flower
- Stamen (male part) → produces pollen
- Pistil (female part) → produces ovules
🧬 6. Sexual Reproduction in Animals
Process:
- Male gamete (sperm) + Female gamete (egg)
- Fertilization → Zygote → Embryo → New organism
Questions
🔹 Basic Concepts
1. Reproduction is the process of producing:
A) energy
B) offspring
C) food
D) motion
Answer: B
2. Asexual reproduction involves:
A) two parents
B) one parent
C) no organism
D) three parents
Answer: B
3. Sexual reproduction involves:
A) one parent
B) two parents
C) no parents
D) cell division only
Answer: B
4. Offspring produced in asexual reproduction are:
A) different
B) identical
C) weak
D) unrelated
Answer: B
🔹 Asexual Reproduction
5. Amoeba reproduces by:
A) budding
B) binary fission
C) fragmentation
D) fertilization
Answer: B
6. Yeast reproduces by:
A) binary fission
B) budding
C) fragmentation
D) pollination
Answer: B
7. Hydra reproduces by:
A) budding
B) spore formation
C) fragmentation
D) fertilization
Answer: A
8. Spirogyra reproduces by:
A) budding
B) fragmentation
C) pollination
D) fertilization
Answer: B
9. Potato reproduces by:
A) root
B) leaf
C) stem
D) flower
Answer: C
10. Onion reproduces by:
A) leaf
B) stem
C) root
D) seed only
Answer: B
🔹 Sexual Reproduction
11. Sexual reproduction involves fusion of:
A) tissues
B) gametes
C) organs
D) cells only
Answer: B
12. Male gamete is called:
A) egg
B) pollen
C) sperm
D) zygote
Answer: C
13. Female gamete is called:
A) sperm
B) egg
C) pollen
D) spore
Answer: B
14. Fusion of gametes is called:
A) germination
B) fertilization
C) pollination
D) fragmentation
Answer: B
15. Fertilized egg is called:
A) embryo
B) zygote
C) seed
D) spore
Answer: B
🔹 Plants Reproduction
16. Pollination is transfer of:
A) seed
B) pollen
C) embryo
D) fruit
Answer: B
17. Pollination occurs before:
A) fertilization
B) germination
C) growth
D) decay
Answer: A
18. Female part of flower is:
A) stamen
B) pistil
C) petal
D) sepal
Answer: B
19. Male part of flower is:
A) pistil
B) stamen
C) ovule
D) seed
Answer: B
20. Seeds develop after:
A) pollination
B) fertilization
C) germination
D) photosynthesis
Answer: B
🔹 Key Concepts
21. Asexual reproduction produces:
A) variation
B) clones
C) seeds
D) gametes
Answer: B
22. Sexual reproduction produces:
A) identical offspring
B) variation
C) no offspring
D) clones
Answer: B
23. Vegetative propagation is common in:
A) animals
B) plants
C) fungi only
D) bacteria only
Answer: B
24. Reproduction ensures:
A) extinction
B) continuity of species
C) death
D) mutation only
Answer: B
25. Binary fission produces:
A) one cell
B) two cells
C) four cells
D) no cells
Answer: B
Assertion–Reason (10 Questions)
- A: Asexual reproduction needs one parent
R: No gametes are involved
👉 A - A: Sexual reproduction produces variation
R: Two parents contribute genes
👉 A - A: Binary fission produces two identical cells
R: Occurs in Amoeba
👉 A - A: Budding requires two parents
R: Bud forms new organism
👉 C - A: Pollination is fertilization
R: It transfers pollen only
👉 D
📊 Numericals (Simple Concept-Based)
- If 1 organism produces 10 offspring asexually → total after 2 generations?
👉 100 - If survival rate increases by variation, reproduction type?
👉 Sexual - If 1 plant gives 5 clones → total after 3 cycles?
👉 125 - If fertilization fails → no formation of?
👉 Zygote - If 2 parents produce 4 offspring → average per parent?
👉 2
📄 Fill in the Blanks (Compact)
- Reproduction ensures ________ of life → continuity
- Asexual reproduction involves ________ parent → one
- Sexual reproduction involves ________ parents → two
- Amoeba reproduces by ________ → binary fission
- Yeast reproduces by ________ → budding
- Potato reproduces by ________ → vegetative propagation
- Pollination is transfer of ________ → pollen
- Fertilization forms ________ → zygote
- Male gamete is ________ → sperm
- Female gamete is ________ → egg