Class-11
9.1 Classification of Hydrocarbons Alkanes (Saturated hydrocarbons): Only single bonds (C–C). Alkenes (Unsaturated hydrocarbons): Contain double bonds (C=C). Alkynes (Unsaturated hydrocarbons): Contain triple bonds (C≡C). Aromatic hydrocarbons: Contain benzene ring…
8.1 General Introduction Organic Chemistry: Study of carbon compounds, including hydrocarbons and their derivatives. Historically, organic compounds were believed to be produced only by living organisms; now, they can be…
7.1 Classical Idea of Redox Reactions – Oxidation and Reduction Oxidation: Process involving loss of electrons or addition of oxygen. Reduction: Process involving gain of electrons or removal of oxygen.…
6.1 Equilibrium in Physical Processes Equilibrium: State in which forward and reverse processes occur at the same rate. Examples: Liquid-vapor equilibrium in a closed container. Dissolution of solids in liquids.…
1. Introduction to Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of energy changes in physical and chemical processes. It deals with heat, work, and internal energy of a system. The system is…
4.1 Kössel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding Atoms achieve stability by attaining a noble gas configuration (octet rule). Kössel-Lewis theory: Atoms share or transfer electrons to complete their valence shells. Lewis…
3.1 Why Do We Need to Classify Elements? Over 100 elements are known, each with unique properties. Classification is important to: Identify patterns in chemical and physical properties. Predict properties…
2.1 Discovery of Sub-atomic Particles Electron: Discovered by J.J. Thomson (1897) using cathode ray experiment; charge-to-mass ratio measured. Proton: Discovered by Rutherford (1917); positively charged particle in nucleus. Neutron: Discovered…
1.1 Importance of Chemistry Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, and transformations. Plays a vital role in medicine, agriculture, industry, and environmental science. 1.2 Nature of Matter Matter:…
Class 11 Chemistry Notes Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Structure of Atom Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Thermodynamics Equilibrium Redox Reactions The Organic…