Class 12 Biology

Unit 1: Diversity of the Living World The Living World Biological Classification Plant Kingdom Animal Kingdom Unit 2: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants Morphology of Flowering Plants Anatomy of…

1. Introduction to Ecosystem Ecosystem: A functional unit of nature where biotic (living) and abiotic (non-living) components interact. Includes: Producers (autotrophs) – e.g., plants Consumers (heterotrophs) – herbivores, carnivores, omnivores…

1. Introduction to Biodiversity Biodiversity: Variety of life at genetic, species, and ecosystem levels. Importance: Provides food, medicine, fuel, and raw materials Maintains ecological balance Source of cultural and aesthetic…

1. Introduction to Ecology Ecology: Study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Levels of ecological organization: Organism → Individual living being Population → Group of same species in an…

Biotechnology and Its Applications – Short Notes 1. Introduction Biotechnology: Use of living organisms or their products for human welfare. Applications are in: Medicine Agriculture Industry Environmental management 2. Medical…

Biotechnology: Principles and Processes – Short Notes 1. Introduction to Biotechnology Biotechnology: Use of living organisms, cells, or biomolecules to develop useful products and processes. Two core techniques: Genetic Engineering…

Microbes in Human Welfare – Short Notes 1. Introduction to Microbes Microbes (microorganisms) are microscopic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses, and algae. They are found in soil, water,…

1. Health and Disease Health: State of complete physical, mental, and social well-being. Disease: Malfunctioning of body organs or systems. Diseases may be: Infectious (Communicable) – Spread from person to…

Evolution – Short Notes 1. Meaning of Evolution Evolution: Gradual change in heritable traits of populations over generations. Explains origin of species and biodiversity. 2. Theories of Evolution Lamarckism (Jean-Baptiste…

1. DNA – The Genetic Material DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) carries genetic information. Structure (Watson & Crick, 1953): Double helix, antiparallel strands Sugar-phosphate backbone Complementary base pairing: A–T, G–C Function: Storage…