1. वर्णमाला (Varnamala) – The Alphabet
The Hindi alphabet is called वर्णमाला. It consists of vowels (स्वर) and consonants (व्यंजन).
- स्वर (Vowels): There are 13 vowels in Hindi.
- Example: अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ, ए, ऐ, ओ, औ, अं, अः
- व्यंजन (Consonants): There are 33 consonants in Hindi.
- Example: क, ख, ग, घ, च, छ, ज, झ, ट, ठ, ड, ढ, त, थ, द, ध, न, etc.
2. संज्ञा (Sangya) – Noun
संज्ञा (Nouns) are words that name a person, place, thing, or animal.
Types of Nouns:
- व्यक्तिवाचक संज्ञा (Proper Noun): Names of specific people or places.
- Example: राम, दिल्ली
- जातिवाचक संज्ञा (Common Noun): Names of general things, people, or places.
- Example: लड़का, किताब, पानी
- भाववाचक संज्ञा (Abstract Noun): Names of feelings or qualities.
- Example: खुशी, दुःख
3. सर्वनाम (Sarvanam) – Pronoun
सर्वनाम (Pronouns) are words used in place of nouns. They help avoid repetition of nouns.
- Example: मैं (I), तुम (You), वह (He/She), यह (This)
Example in a sentence:
- राम स्कूल जाता है। (Ram goes to school.)
- वह स्कूल जाता है। (He goes to school.)
4. क्रिया (Kriya) – Verb
क्रिया (Verbs) are words that tell us what the subject is doing.
- Example: खाना (eat), पीना (drink), लिखना (write)
Example in a sentence:
- मैं किताब पढ़ता हूँ। (I read a book.)
- वह खेलता है। (He plays.)
5. विशेषण (Visheshan) – Adjective
विशेषण (Adjectives) are words that describe or give more information about a noun.
- Example: लंबा (tall), सफेद (white), मीठा (sweet)
Example in a sentence:
- लड़का लंबा है। (The boy is tall.)
- यह फूल सुंदर है। (This flower is beautiful.)
6. वचन (Vachan) – Number
वचन refers to whether a noun is singular or plural.
- एकवचन (Singular): A word that refers to one person or thing.
- Example: लड़का (boy)
- बहुवचन (Plural): A word that refers to more than one person or thing.
- Example: लड़के (boys)
Example in a sentence:
- लड़की खेल रही है। (The girl is playing.)
- लड़कियाँ खेल रही हैं। (The girls are playing.)
7. लिंग (Ling) – Gender
लिंग refers to the gender of a noun (masculine or feminine).
- पुल्लिंग (Masculine): Names of male persons or animals.
- Example: लड़का (boy), सूरज (sun)
- स्त्रीलिंग (Feminine): Names of female persons or animals.
- Example: लड़की (girl), चाँदनी (moonlight)
Example in a sentence:
- लड़का स्कूल जा रहा है। (The boy is going to school.)
- लड़की स्कूल जा रही है। (The girl is going to school.)
8. वाक्य (Vakya) – Sentence
A वाक्य (Sentence) is a group of words that makes complete sense. Every sentence has two main parts:
- Subject (Who or what the sentence is about)
- Predicate (What is being said about the subject)
Example:
- मैं स्कूल जाता हूँ। (I go to school.)
- तुम अच्छा गाते हो। (You sing well.)
9. प्रश्नवाचक शब्द (Prashnavachak Shabd) – Interrogative Words
These are words used to ask questions.
- क्या (What), कहाँ (Where), कौन (Who), क्यों (Why)
Example in a sentence:
- तुम कहाँ जा रहे हो? (Where are you going?)
- क्या तुम स्कूल जा रहे हो? (Are you going to school?)