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Introduction In society, not everyone has the same access to resources, opportunities, and rights. Some groups are left out or pushed to the edges of social, economic, or political life.…

Introduction In a democracy, the Judiciary is the branch of government that interprets laws and ensures justice. It protects citizens’ rights and makes sure that the executive and legislature follow…

Introduction In a democracy, laws are made by representatives elected by the people. In India, this important task is performed by the Parliament. Parliament represents the people’s views and plays…

Introduction India is a country with many religions, cultures, and traditions. To ensure peace and equality among people, India follows the principle of secularism. Secularism means that the state treats…

The Constitution of India is the most important law of our country. It lays down the basic rules and principles according to which India is governed. Every citizen, government institution,…

1. Introduction This chapter explains how modern Indian nationalism developed from the 1870s to India’s independence in 1947. The movement involved political, social, and economic struggles against British colonial rule.…

1. Introduction History is the study of the past, helping us understand how people lived, thought, and acted. Historians ask “How?” “When?” and “Where?” to study events properly. This chapter…

1. Introduction This chapter explores social reform movements in the 19th and early 20th century India. Focus is on women’s rights, caste discrimination, and efforts to reform society. Reformers aimed…

1. Introduction This chapter discusses the first major revolt against British rule in India, known as the 1857 Rebellion or Sepoy Mutiny/First War of Independence. It also covers other rebellions…

1. Introduction This chapter explores the lives of tribal communities in India and how they resisted outsiders (“Dikus”) who tried to control their land and resources. The word “Dikus” was…