Class 11 Chemistry Thermodynamics Notes
1. Introduction to Thermodynamics Thermodynamics is the study of energy changes in physical and chemical processes. It deals with heat, work, and internal energy of a system. The system is…
Class 11 Chemistry Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
4.1 Kössel-Lewis Approach to Chemical Bonding Atoms achieve stability by attaining a noble gas configuration (octet rule). Kössel-Lewis theory: Atoms share or transfer electrons to complete their valence shells. Lewis…
Class 11 Chemistry Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
3.1 Why Do We Need to Classify Elements? Over 100 elements are known, each with unique properties. Classification is important to: Identify patterns in chemical and physical properties. Predict properties…
Structure of Atom – Class 11 Chemistry Notes
2.1 Discovery of Sub-atomic Particles Electron: Discovered by J.J. Thomson (1897) using cathode ray experiment; charge-to-mass ratio measured. Proton: Discovered by Rutherford (1917); positively charged particle in nucleus. Neutron: Discovered…
Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry – Class 11 Notes
1.1 Importance of Chemistry Chemistry is the study of matter, its properties, and transformations. Plays a vital role in medicine, agriculture, industry, and environmental science. 1.2 Nature of Matter Matter:…
Class 11 Chemistry
Class 11 Chemistry Notes Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry Structure of Atom Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure Thermodynamics Equilibrium Redox Reactions The Organic…
Class 12 Physics Semiconductor Electronics Notes
14.1 Introduction Semiconductor electronics deals with materials whose conductivity lies between conductors and insulators. It is the basis for diodes, transistors, and modern electronic devices. 14.2 Classification of Metals, Conductors…
Class 12 Physics Nuclei Notes
13.1 Introduction The nucleus is the central part of the atom containing protons and neutrons. Understanding nuclear properties explains radioactivity, nuclear forces, and energy released in nuclear reactions. 13.2 Atomic…
Class 12 Physics Atoms Notes
12.1 Introduction Atoms are the fundamental building blocks of matter. Understanding atomic structure explains chemical properties, spectra, and quantum phenomena. This chapter covers Rutherford’s nuclear model, Bohr’s model, and atomic…
Class 12 Physics Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter Notes
11.1 Introduction Light and matter exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties. This concept is called the dual nature of radiation and matter, forming a cornerstone of quantum physics. 11.2 Electron…
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