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Universal Law of Gravitation Newton’s Law of Gravitation: Every particle of matter attracts every other particle with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and…

System of Particles A system of particles is a collection of many particles, each with mass mim_imi​ and position vector ri⃗\vec{r_i}ri​​. Total Mass of the System: M=∑imiM = \sum_{i} m_iM=i∑​mi​…

Work Work is said to be done when a force produces displacement in the direction of force.Work=Force×Displacement\text{Work} = \text{Force} \times \text{Displacement}Work=Force×Displacement SI unit of work is joule (J). 🔹 Types…

Force A force is a push or pull that can: Change the shape of an object Change its speed Change the direction of motion SI unit of force is newton…

Scalar and Vector Quantities Scalar Quantities Have only magnitude No direction Examples: distance, speed, mass, time Vector Quantities Have both magnitude and direction Examples: displacement, velocity, acceleration, force 🔹 Representation…

Rest and Motion An object is said to be: At rest if its position does not change with time In motion if its position changes with time Motion and rest…

Physical Quantities A physical quantity is any quantity that can be measured and expressed using a number and a unit. Examples: Length Mass Time Velocity Force Every physical quantity consists…