Class 12 Accountancy Dissolution of Partnership Firm Notes

Class 12 Accountancy Notes Chapter 4: Dissolution of Partnership Firm

1. Meaning of Dissolution of Partnership

Dissolution of partnership means a change in the relationship among partners due to:

  • Admission of a partner
  • Retirement of a partner
  • Death of a partner
  • Change in profit-sharing ratio

➡️ The business may continue with the remaining partners.


2. Meaning of Dissolution of Firm

Dissolution of firm means:

  • The business permanently comes to an end.
  • All assets are sold.
  • All liabilities are paid.
  • Partners receive the remaining balance.
  • Books of accounts are closed forever.

Remember:

Every dissolution of a firm includes dissolution of partnership, but every dissolution of partnership does not mean dissolution of the firm.


3. Difference Between Dissolution of Partnership and Dissolution of Firm

BasisDissolution of PartnershipDissolution of Firm
BusinessContinuesEnds permanently
AssetsRevaluedSold
LiabilitiesAdjustedPaid off
BooksContinueClosed
PartnersRelationship changesRelationship ends completely

4. Modes of Dissolution of Firm

A firm may be dissolved in the following ways:

(A) By Agreement

  • With consent of all partners
  • According to partnership agreement

(B) Compulsory Dissolution

Examples:

  • All partners become insolvent.
  • Business becomes illegal.
  • Any event making business unlawful.

(C) On Happening of Certain Events

  • Expiry of partnership period
  • Completion of project
  • Death of partner
  • Insolvency of partner

(D) By Notice

Applicable only in Partnership at Will.

(E) By Court Order

Court may dissolve a firm when:

  • Partner becomes insane.
  • Permanent incapacity.
  • Misconduct.
  • Continuous breach of agreement.
  • Business runs only at losses.
  • Any just and equitable reason.

5. Settlement of Accounts (Section 48)

Step 1: Treatment of Losses

Losses are adjusted in this order:

  1. From profits
  2. From capitals
  3. By partners personally (Profit Sharing Ratio)

Step 2: Application of Assets

Money realised from assets is used in this sequence:

  1. Pay outside liabilities
  2. Pay Partner’s Loan
  3. Pay Capital
  4. Balance divided among partners in PSR

Easy Mnemonic

Outside → Loan → Capital → Profit


6. Firm’s Debts vs Private Debts

Firm’s Property

Used first to pay:

  • Firm’s creditors

Remaining amount goes to partners.

Partner’s Private Property

Used first to pay:

  • Personal debts

Any surplus can be used to pay firm’s debts.


7. Realisation Account

Purpose

Prepared to calculate:

  • Profit on Realisation
    OR
  • Loss on Realisation

during dissolution.


Debit Side

Transfer:

  • Land & Building
  • Plant
  • Furniture
  • Stock
  • Debtors
  • Investments
  • Bills Receivable

Also record:

  • Payment of liabilities
  • Realisation expenses

Credit Side

Transfer:

  • Creditors
  • Bills Payable
  • Outstanding Expenses

Also record:

  • Sale of assets
  • Assets taken by partners
  • Liabilities taken over by partners

8. Important Journal Entries

(1) Transfer of Assets

Realisation A/c Dr.

  To Asset A/c


(2) Transfer of Liabilities

Liability A/c Dr.

  To Realisation A/c


(3) Sale of Assets

Bank A/c Dr.

  To Realisation A/c


(4) Asset Taken Over by Partner

Partner’s Capital A/c Dr.

  To Realisation A/c


(5) Payment of Liabilities

Realisation A/c Dr.

  To Bank A/c


(6) Liability Taken Over by Partner

Realisation A/c Dr.

  To Partner’s Capital A/c


(7) Realisation Expenses Paid by Firm

Realisation A/c Dr.

  To Bank A/c


(8) Realisation Expenses Paid by Partner

Realisation A/c Dr.

  To Partner’s Capital A/c


(9) Profit on Realisation

Realisation A/c Dr.

  To Partners’ Capital A/c


(10) Loss on Realisation

Partners’ Capital A/c Dr.

  To Realisation A/c


(11) General Reserve

General Reserve A/c Dr.

  To Partners’ Capital A/c


(12) Partner’s Loan Paid

Partner’s Loan A/c Dr.

  To Bank A/c


(13) Final Payment to Partners

Partners’ Capital A/c Dr.

  To Bank A/c


9. Unrecorded Items

Unrecorded Asset Sold

Bank A/c Dr.

  To Realisation A/c


Unrecorded Asset Taken by Partner

Partner’s Capital A/c Dr.

  To Realisation A/c


Unrecorded Liability Paid

Realisation A/c Dr.

  To Bank A/c


10. Realisation Expenses

Case 1

Firm pays expenses

➡️ Debit Realisation A/c


Case 2

Partner pays on behalf of firm

➡️ Credit Partner’s Capital A/c


Case 3

Partner agrees to bear expenses

  • If partner pays personally → No entry.
  • If firm pays → Debit Partner’s Capital A/c.

11. Partner’s Loan

If Loan is Liability

Pay before capital.

If Loan is Asset

Recover from partner before final settlement.


12. Order of Closing Accounts

  1. Transfer Assets
  2. Transfer Liabilities
  3. Sell Assets
  4. Pay Liabilities
  5. Record Expenses
  6. Calculate Profit/Loss on Realisation
  7. Transfer Reserves
  8. Settle Partner’s Loan
  9. Settle Capital Accounts
  10. Close Bank Account

13. Board Exam Tips ⭐

  • Cash and Bank are not transferred to Realisation Account.
  • Fictitious Assets are not transferred to Realisation Account.
  • Partner’s Loan is not transferred to Realisation Account.
  • Assets taken by partner are credited to Realisation Account.
  • Liabilities taken over by partner are debited to Realisation Account.
  • Profit/Loss on Realisation is shared in the old Profit Sharing Ratio.

14. Quick Revision (One-Minute Recap)

✅ Dissolution of Partnership ≠ Dissolution of Firm

✅ Sequence of Payment:
Outside Liabilities → Partner’s Loan → Capital → Profit

✅ Realisation Profit → Credit Partners’ Capital

✅ Realisation Loss → Debit Partners’ Capital

✅ Cash/Bank is never transferred to Realisation Account.

✅ Partner’s Loan is paid before Capital.

Objective Question Bank

A. Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Dissolution of a firm means—
a) Admission of partner b) Change in PSR c) Permanent closure of business d) Retirement of partner
Ans. (c)

2. Which does NOT necessarily dissolve the firm?
a) Death of partner b) Dissolution of partnership c) Retirement d) Admission
Ans. (b)

3. Profit/Loss on dissolution is calculated through—
a) Capital A/c b) Trading A/c c) Realisation A/c d) Revaluation A/c
Ans. (c)

4. Which asset is NOT transferred to Realisation A/c?
a) Machinery b) Furniture c) Cash d) Debtors
Ans. (c)

5. Which liability is transferred to Realisation A/c?
a) Partner’s Loan b) Creditors c) Capital d) Drawings
Ans. (b)

6. Partner’s loan is paid—
a) Before creditors b) After capital c) After creditors but before capital d) Last
Ans. (c)

7. Profit on Realisation is transferred to—
a) Bank A/c b) Partners’ Capital A/c c) Cash A/c d) Loan A/c
Ans. (b)

8. Loss on Realisation is transferred to—
a) Capital A/c b) Bank A/c c) Cash A/c d) Creditors A/c
Ans. (a)


B. Fill in the Blanks

  1. Dissolution of a firm results in permanent __________ of business. (Closure)
  2. All external liabilities are transferred to __________ Account. (Realisation)
  3. Profit on Realisation is transferred to Partners’ __________ Account. (Capital)
  4. Cash and Bank are __________ transferred to Realisation Account. (Not)
  5. Partner’s loan is paid before __________ Account. (Capital)
  6. Assets are transferred at their __________ value. (Book)
  7. Loss on Realisation is shared in __________ ratio. (Profit-sharing)
  8. General Reserve is transferred to __________ Accounts. (Partners’ Capital)
  9. Partnership at will can be dissolved by giving __________. (Notice)
  10. The last account to be closed is __________ Account. (Bank)

C. True / False

No.StatementT/F
1Every dissolution of partnership dissolves the firm.False
2Every dissolution of firm dissolves the partnership.True
3Cash is transferred to Realisation A/c.False
4Creditors are transferred to Realisation A/c.True
5Partner’s Loan is transferred to Realisation A/c.False
6General Reserve is distributed among partners.True
7Loss on Realisation is transferred to Capital A/c.True
8Assets are transferred at market value.False
9Realisation A/c is prepared only at dissolution.True
10Bank A/c is closed after dissolution.True

D. Match the Following

AB
Realisation AccountProfit/Loss on Realisation
CreditorsExternal Liability
Bank AccountFinal Settlement
General ReserveTransferred to Capital A/c
CashNot transferred to Realisation A/c

E. One Word Answer

QuestionAnswer
Account prepared on dissolutionRealisation Account
Money due to partner apart from capitalPartner’s Loan
Permanent closure of businessDissolution
Expenses incurred during winding upRealisation Expenses
Amount payable to outsidersLiabilities

F. Assertion–Reason

Q1.
A: Dissolution of a firm results in closure of business.
R: All assets are realised and liabilities are settled.
a) Both A & R true and R explains A
b) Both true but R doesn’t explain A
c) A true, R false
d) A false, R true
Ans. (a)


G. Arrange in Correct Order

1. Transfer of Assets, Sale of Assets, Payment of Creditors, Settlement of Capital

Answer: Transfer of Assets → Sale of Assets → Payment of Creditors → Settlement of Capital


📚 Even More Space-Saving Tip (Best for PDFs)

For a printed question bank, use two-column formatting like this:

MCQAnswer
1. Dissolution of a firm means— a) Admission b) Change in PSR c) Permanent closure d) Retirementc
2. Which asset is not transferred to Realisation A/c? a) Machinery b) Cash c) Debtors d) Furnitureb
3. Profit on Realisation is transferred to— a) Bank b) Capital c) Cash d) Loanb