Class 9 Patterns in Life: Diversity and Classification MCQs

Class 9 Patterns in Life: Diversity and Classification MCQs

Chapter 12: Patterns in Life — Diversity and Classification

QUESTION BANK

A. MCQs

  1. What is the variety of living organisms on Earth called?
    A) Adaptation B) Biodiversity C) Classification D) Evolution
  2. A species naturally restricted to a particular geographical region is called:
    A) Exotic B) Endemic C) Extinct D) Migratory
  3. A biodiversity hotspot is characterised by:
    A) Only rare animals B) Many endemic species and significant habitat loss C) Only dense forests D) Only rare plants
  4. Which of the following is an important criterion for biological classification?
    A) Cell structure B) Mode of nutrition C) Genetic similarity D) All of these
  5. Aristotle mainly classified animals on the basis of:
    A) DNA B) Habitat and external appearance C) Cell structure D) Genetics
  6. The two-kingdom system divided organisms into:
    A) Monera and Protista B) Plantae and Animalia C) Fungi and Plantae D) Protista and Animalia
  7. Which kingdom was introduced to accommodate organisms such as Amoeba and Paramecium?
  8. Why were bacteria separated from Protista?
  9. Who proposed the five-kingdom classification?
    A) Aristotle B) Linnaeus C) Whittaker D) Woese
  10. Which of the following is NOT one of Whittaker’s five kingdoms?
    A) Monera B) Protista C) Archaea D) Fungi
  11. Which kingdom contains prokaryotic organisms?
  12. A prokaryotic cell lacks:
    A) Cytoplasm B) Cell membrane C) Genetic material D) Membrane-bound true nucleus
  13. Protists are generally:
    A) Unicellular and eukaryotic B) Multicellular and prokaryotic C) Always autotrophic D) Always heterotrophic
  14. Which of the following is a protist?
    A) Amoeba B) Mushroom C) Pine D) Earthworm
  15. The cell wall of fungi mainly contains:
    A) Cellulose B) Chitin C) Starch D) Protein
  16. Fungi generally obtain nutrition by:
    A) Photosynthesis B) Absorption C) Ingestion only D) Chemosynthesis
  17. Which plant group has a simple thallus-like body?
    A) Bryophyta B) Thallophyta C) Pteridophyta D) Angiosperms
  18. Bryophytes are commonly called:
    A) Flowering plants B) Naked-seeded plants C) Amphibians of the plant kingdom D) Vascular plants
  19. Which plant group has vascular tissues but does not produce seeds?
    A) Thallophyta B) Bryophyta C) Pteridophyta D) Angiosperms
  20. Xylem mainly transports:
    A) Food B) Water C) Pollen D) Seeds
  21. Phloem mainly transports:
    A) Water B) Food C) Oxygen D) Pollen
  22. Plants with seeds that are not enclosed in fruits are:
    A) Bryophytes B) Pteridophytes C) Gymnosperms D) Angiosperms
  23. Which feature helps gymnosperms reduce water loss?
    A) Broad leaves B) Needle/scale-like leaves C) Flowers D) Fruits
  24. Angiosperms are characterised by:
    A) Naked seeds B) Flowers and fruits C) Absence of seeds D) Cones only
  25. Which structure is an important basis for distinguishing chordates from non-chordates?
  26. Sponges belong to:
    A) Cnidaria B) Porifera C) Annelida D) Mollusca
  27. Poriferans are characterised by:
    A) Jointed appendages B) Numerous pores C) Segmentation D) Vertebral column
  28. Cnidarians possess:
    A) No tissues B) Tissue-level organisation and tentacles C) Vertebral column D) Jointed legs
  29. Segmentation is a characteristic feature of:
    A) Annelida B) Porifera C) Cnidaria D) Nematoda
  30. Jointed appendages and an external skeleton are characteristic of:
    A) Mollusca B) Arthropoda C) Echinodermata D) Annelida
  31. A soft body, often protected by a shell, is characteristic of:
    A) Mollusca B) Arthropoda C) Porifera D) Nematoda
  32. Echinoderms possess:
    A) Calcium-carbonate internal skeleton B) Chitinous exoskeleton C) Notochord D) Jointed legs
  33. Amphioxus is an example of:
    A) Vertebrate B) Protochordate C) Arthropod D) Mollusc
  34. Animals possessing a vertebral column are called:
    A) Invertebrates B) Vertebrates C) Poriferans D) Protozoans
  35. Which is the correct sequence of the major vertebrate groups?
    A) Fish → Amphibians → Reptiles → Birds → Mammals
    B) Fish → Reptiles → Amphibians → Birds → Mammals
    C) Amphibians → Fish → Reptiles → Mammals → Birds
    D) Birds → Fish → Amphibians → Reptiles → Mammals
  36. Which is the correct taxonomic hierarchy from broadest to most specific?
    A) Species → Genus → Family → Order → Class → Phylum → Kingdom
    B) Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species
    C) Kingdom → Class → Phylum → Family → Order → Species → Genus
    D) Genus → Species → Family → Order → Kingdom → Class → Phylum
  37. Which is the most specific taxonomic category?
    A) Kingdom B) Class C) Family D) Species
  38. What is the scientific name of tiger?
    A) Panthera leo B) Panthera tigris C) Mangifera indica D) Panthera indica
  39. In Panthera tigris, which word represents the genus?
  40. Who introduced binomial nomenclature?
    A) Whittaker B) Woese C) Linnaeus D) Aristotle
  41. In a scientific name, the genus name begins with:
    A) Lowercase letter B) Capital letter C) Number D) Symbol
  42. Who proposed the three-domain system?
    A) Carl Woese B) Whittaker C) Linnaeus D) Aristotle
  43. Which is NOT one of the three domains?
    A) Bacteria B) Archaea C) Eukarya D) Monera
  44. Fossils provide evidence about:
    A) Only present-day organisms B) Changes in life over geological time C) Only animal behaviour D) Only plant nutrition
  45. Which of the following is a major threat to biodiversity?
    A) Classification B) Deforestation C) Pollination D) Seed dispersal
  46. Which combination represents major threats to biodiversity?
    A) Pollution B) Deforestation C) Climate change D) All of these

B. Fill in the Blanks

  1. The variety of living organisms on Earth is called __________.
  2. Species naturally restricted to a particular region are called __________ species.
  3. A region rich in endemic species and facing significant habitat loss is called a biodiversity __________.
  4. Aristotle classified animals mainly according to habitat and external __________.
  5. The two kingdoms were Plantae and __________.
  6. Amoeba and Paramecium belong to kingdom __________.
  7. Bacteria belong to kingdom __________ in the five-kingdom system.
  8. The five-kingdom classification was proposed by Robert H. __________.
  9. Organisms without a membrane-bound true nucleus are called __________.
  10. The fungal cell wall contains __________.
  11. Fungi generally obtain nutrients by __________.
  12. The simple body of Thallophyta is called a __________.
  13. Bryophytes require __________ for reproduction.
  14. Pteridophytes possess vascular tissues called __________ and phloem.
  15. Gymnosperm seeds are not enclosed in __________.
  16. Angiosperms produce flowers and __________.
  17. The flexible supporting structure of chordates is the __________.
  18. Sponges belong to phylum __________.
  19. Jointed appendages are characteristic of __________.
  20. Segmentation is characteristic of __________.
  21. The two-part scientific naming system is called __________ nomenclature.
  22. In Panthera tigris, Panthera is the __________.
  23. The three domains are Bacteria, Archaea and __________.
  24. Preserved remains or traces of ancient organisms are called __________.
  25. Pollution and deforestation are major threats to __________.

C. True or False

  1. Biodiversity refers only to the variety of animals.
  2. Endemic species are naturally restricted to particular regions.
  3. Classification helps scientists study relationships among organisms.
  4. Aristotle used DNA evidence to classify organisms.
  5. Protista was introduced because some organisms did not fit well into Plantae or Animalia.
  6. Bacteria have a membrane-bound true nucleus.
  7. Fungi are generally heterotrophic.
  8. All fungi are harmful to humans.
  9. Bryophytes require moisture for reproduction.
  10. Pteridophytes possess vascular tissues.
  11. Gymnosperm seeds are enclosed within fruits.
  12. Angiosperms produce flowers and fruits.
  13. Arthropods possess jointed appendages.
  14. Vertebrates possess a vertebral column.
  15. Species is broader than kingdom.
  16. The genus begins with a capital letter in a scientific name.
  17. Printed scientific names are written in italics.
  18. Carl Woese proposed the three-domain system.
  19. Fossils provide evidence about ancient life.
  20. Deforestation can cause biodiversity loss.

D. Assertion–Reason

Choose: A) Both true; Reason correctly explains Assertion B) Both true; Reason does not explain Assertion C) Assertion true; Reason false D) Assertion false; Reason true.

  1. Classification systems change over time.
    Reason: New scientific evidence and technologies provide additional information.
  2. Bacteria were separated from Protista.
    Reason: Bacteria lack a membrane-bound true nucleus.
  3. Bryophytes are called amphibians of the plant kingdom.
    Reason: They live on land but require moisture for reproduction.
  4. Gymnosperms are adapted to relatively dry conditions.
    Reason: Their needle-like or scale-like leaves help reduce water loss.
  5. Angiosperms are highly diverse.
    Reason: Flowers improve pollination and fruits help protect and disperse seeds.
  6. Scientific names are useful worldwide.
    Reason: Common names vary between regions and languages.
  7. Species is more specific than kingdom.
    Reason: Members of a species share more common characteristics.
  8. Fossils help scientists understand changes in life.
    Reason: Fossils preserve evidence of organisms from the past.
  9. The five-kingdom system completely explains all relationships among living organisms.
    Reason: Genetic studies later revealed additional relationships.
  10. Pteridophytes produce seeds.
    Reason: They possess vascular tissues.

E. Very Short Answer Questions

  1. Define biodiversity.
  2. Define an endemic species.
  3. What is biological classification?
  4. Name the five kingdoms.
  5. Who proposed the five-kingdom classification?
  6. What is a prokaryote?
  7. What is a eukaryote?
  8. Give two examples of Protista.
  9. Name the two vascular tissues in plants.
  10. What does xylem transport?
  11. What does phloem transport?
  12. Why are bryophytes called amphibians of the plant kingdom?
  13. What are gymnosperms?
  14. What are angiosperms?
  15. What is a notochord?
  16. What are vertebrates?
  17. What is binomial nomenclature?
  18. Give the scientific name of tiger.
  19. Name the three domains.
  20. What are fossils?

F. Short Answer Questions

  1. Why is biological classification necessary?
  2. Why did the two-kingdom system become inadequate?
  3. Why are fungi placed separately from plants?
  4. State any three criteria used in biological classification.
  5. Why do classification systems change over time?
  6. Differentiate between bryophytes and pteridophytes.
  7. Why are gymnosperms adapted to relatively dry conditions?
  8. Why are angiosperms highly successful and diverse?
  9. What is the importance of segmentation in annelids?
  10. How does the external skeleton help arthropods?
  11. Why is binomial nomenclature necessary?
  12. What does the three-domain system reveal?
  13. How do fossils help scientists?
  14. How can disappearance of one species affect an ecosystem?

G. Classification / Application Questions

  1. An organism is unicellular, prokaryotic and lacks a true nucleus. Identify its kingdom.
  2. An organism is unicellular and eukaryotic. Which kingdom would it most likely belong to?
  3. An organism is multicellular, lacks chlorophyll and absorbs nutrients. Identify its kingdom.
  4. A plant has true roots, stems and leaves, vascular tissues but no seeds. Identify the group.
  5. A plant produces seeds on cones but no fruits. Identify the group.
  6. A plant produces flowers and fruits. Identify the group.
  7. An animal has numerous pores and lacks true tissues. Identify the group.
  8. An animal has tentacles and tissue-level organisation. Identify the group.
  9. An animal has a flattened body and bilateral symmetry. Identify the group.
  10. An animal has a cylindrical body and two openings. Identify the group.
  11. An animal has a segmented body. Identify the group.
  12. An animal has jointed appendages and an external skeleton. Identify the group.

H. Case-Based Questions

Case 1: Five organisms are observed: P = prokaryotic; Q = unicellular eukaryotic; R = multicellular, heterotrophic and absorptive; S = multicellular photosynthetic; T = multicellular heterotrophic animal.

  1. Identify P.
  2. Identify Q.
  3. Identify R.
  4. Identify S.
  5. Identify T.

Case 2: A plant has true roots, stems and leaves, xylem and phloem, but no seeds.

  1. Identify its plant group.
  2. Name its vascular tissues.
  3. What does xylem transport?
  4. What does phloem transport?
  5. Does this group require water for reproduction?

Case 3: A student writes the tiger’s scientific name as panthera Tigris.

  1. Is the name correctly written?
  2. Write it correctly.
  3. Which word represents the genus?
  4. Which word represents the species part?
  5. Why is scientific naming useful?

I. HOTS / Competency Questions

  1. Why is habitat alone insufficient for classifying organisms?
  2. A plant has vascular tissues but no seeds. Another has seeds but no fruits. Identify both.
  3. Why can DNA similarities provide evidence of evolutionary relationships?
  4. What does discovery of a new organism that does not fit an existing group tell us about classification?
  5. Why is conservation of biodiversity important?
  6. If all unicellular organisms were placed in one kingdom, what problems would arise?
  7. Why are viruses not placed in the five kingdoms?
  8. If classification were based only on habitat, which unrelated organisms could be incorrectly grouped together?
  9. A newly discovered multicellular eukaryote lacks chlorophyll and absorbs nutrients externally. Should it be considered more similar to fungi or animals? Justify.
  10. How does biodiversity contribute to ecosystem balance and stability?

J. Important Long-Answer Questions

  1. Explain the need and importance of biological classification.
  2. Describe the major criteria used for classifying organisms.
  3. Trace the development of classification systems from Aristotle to the five-kingdom system.
  4. Explain Whittaker’s five-kingdom classification.
  5. Compare Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
  6. Describe the five major plant groups and their important features.
  7. Explain the progressive adaptations of plants to life on land.
  8. Explain animal classification based on the presence or absence of the notochord.
  9. Describe the major invertebrate groups and their distinguishing features.
  10. Explain binomial nomenclature and its rules.
  11. Explain the three-domain system and the role of genetic evidence.
  12. Explain the importance of fossils in understanding the history of life.
  13. Describe the major threats to biodiversity and the need for conservation.
  14. Explain how biological classification helps in biodiversity conservation.

Chapter 12: Patterns in Life — Diversity and Classification

ANSWERS

A. MCQ Answers

  1. B — Biodiversity
  2. B — Endemic
  3. B — Many endemic species and significant habitat loss
  4. D — All of these
  5. B — Habitat and external appearance
  6. B — Plantae and Animalia
  7. Protista
  8. Because bacteria are prokaryotic and lack a membrane-bound true nucleus.
  9. C — Robert H. Whittaker
  10. C — Archaea
  11. Monera
  12. D — Membrane-bound true nucleus
  13. A — Unicellular and eukaryotic
  14. A — Amoeba
  15. B — Chitin
  16. B — Absorption
  17. B — Thallophyta
  18. C — Amphibians of the plant kingdom
  19. C — Pteridophyta
  20. B — Water
  21. B — Food
  22. C — Gymnosperms
  23. B — Needle/scale-like leaves
  24. B — Flowers and fruits
  25. Notochord
  26. B — Porifera
  27. B — Numerous pores
  28. B — Tissue-level organisation and tentacles
  29. A — Annelida
  30. B — Arthropoda
  31. A — Mollusca
  32. A — Calcium-carbonate internal skeleton
  33. B — Protochordate
  34. B — Vertebrates
  35. A — Fish → Amphibians → Reptiles → Birds → Mammals
  36. B — Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species
  37. D — Species
  38. B — Panthera tigris
  39. Panthera
  40. C — Linnaeus
  41. B — Capital letter
  42. A — Carl Woese
  43. D — Monera
  44. B — Changes in life over geological time
  45. B — Deforestation
  46. D — All of these

B. Fill in the Blanks — Answers

  1. Biodiversity
  2. Endemic
  3. Hotspot
  4. Appearance
  5. Animalia
  6. Protista
  7. Monera
  8. Whittaker
  9. Prokaryotes
  10. Chitin
  11. Absorption
  12. Thallus
  13. Water/moisture
  14. Xylem
  15. Fruits
  16. Fruits
  17. Notochord
  18. Porifera
  19. Arthropoda
  20. Annelida
  21. Binomial
  22. Genus
  23. Eukarya
  24. Fossils
  25. Biodiversity

C. True / False — Answers

  1. False
  2. True
  3. True
  4. False
  5. True
  6. False
  7. True
  8. False
  9. True
  10. True
  11. False
  12. True
  13. True
  14. True
  15. False
  16. True
  17. True
  18. True
  19. True
  20. True

D. Assertion–Reason — Answers

  1. A
  2. A
  3. A
  4. A
  5. A
  6. A
  7. A
  8. A
  9. D
  10. D

E. Very Short Answers

  1. Biodiversity: The variety of living organisms on Earth.
  2. Endemic species: A species naturally restricted to a particular geographical region.
  3. Biological classification: Systematic grouping of organisms according to their similarities, differences and relationships.
  4. Five kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
  5. Five-kingdom classification: Robert H. Whittaker.
  6. Prokaryote: An organism whose cell lacks a membrane-bound true nucleus.
  7. Eukaryote: An organism whose cell contains a membrane-bound nucleus.
  8. Two protists: Amoeba and Paramecium.
  9. Vascular tissues: Xylem and phloem.
  10. Xylem: Transports water.
  11. Phloem: Transports food.
  12. Bryophytes: They live on land but require moisture, particularly for reproduction.
  13. Gymnosperms: Seed-producing plants whose seeds are not enclosed in fruits.
  14. Angiosperms: Flowering plants whose seeds are enclosed within fruits.
  15. Notochord: A flexible rod-like supporting structure present in chordates at least at some stage.
  16. Vertebrates: Animals possessing a vertebral column.
  17. Binomial nomenclature: A system of scientific naming using two parts—genus and species.
  18. Tiger: Panthera tigris.
  19. Three domains: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.
  20. Fossils: Preserved remains or evidence of ancient organisms.

F. Short Answers

  1. Need for classification: It organises biodiversity, makes study and identification systematic, shows similarities and relationships, helps name newly discovered organisms and supports conservation.
  2. Limitation of two kingdoms: Organisms such as Amoeba, Paramecium and bacteria did not fit satisfactorily into Plantae or Animalia because of differences in cellular organisation and nutrition.
  3. Fungi vs plants: Fungi are heterotrophic and obtain nutrients by absorption, while typical green plants make food by photosynthesis. Fungal cell walls contain chitin.
  4. Three classification criteria: Cell structure, mode of nutrition and genetic similarity. Other criteria include external/internal structure, ecological role and reproduction.
  5. Changing classification: New discoveries, microscopes, staining techniques and genetic/DNA studies provide new evidence, so classification is continuously refined.
  6. Bryophytes vs pteridophytes: Bryophytes lack vascular tissues and true roots, stems and leaves; pteridophytes possess vascular tissues and true roots, stems and leaves. Both require moisture for reproduction.
  7. Gymnosperms and dry conditions: Needle-like or scale-like leaves help reduce water loss, and reproduction does not depend on aquatic conditions.
  8. Angiosperm diversity: Flowers improve pollination, while fruits protect and help disperse seeds, supporting reproduction in diverse environments.
  9. Segmentation in annelids: It provides flexibility and allows more precise control of body movement.
  10. Arthropod exoskeleton: It provides protection, reduces water loss and supports muscles, helping arthropods survive in exposed and dry environments.
  11. Importance of binomial nomenclature: It gives organisms a universal scientific name and avoids confusion caused by different regional/common names.
  12. Three-domain system: Genetic evidence showed that microscopic life is more diverse than previously believed and led to the domains Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya.
  13. Fossils: They preserve evidence of ancient organisms and help scientists understand how life has changed over millions of years.
  14. Effect of species loss: Other organisms depending on that species for food, pollination, seed dispersal or other ecological functions may also decline.

G. Classification / Application Answers

  1. Monera
  2. Protista
  3. Fungi
  4. Pteridophyta
  5. Gymnosperms
  6. Angiosperms
  7. Porifera
  8. Cnidaria
  9. Platyhelminthes
  10. Nematoda
  11. Annelida
  12. Arthropoda

H. Case-Based Answers

Case 1:

  1. P — Monera
  2. Q — Protista
  3. R — Fungi
  4. S — Plantae
  5. T — Animalia

Case 2:

  1. Pteridophyta
  2. Xylem and phloem
  3. Water
  4. Food
  5. Yes; moisture/water is required for reproduction.

Case 3:

  1. No.
  2. Panthera tigris
  3. Panthera
  4. tigris
  5. It provides a universal scientific name and avoids confusion between different common names.

I. HOTS / Competency Answers

  1. Habitat alone is insufficient: Unrelated organisms may live in the same habitat. Cellular structure, body organisation, nutrition and genetic similarity provide more meaningful classification criteria.
  2. Two plants: The plant with vascular tissues but no seeds is a pteridophyte; the plant with seeds but no fruits is a gymnosperm.
  3. DNA evidence: Similar DNA indicates inherited similarities and can provide evidence of common ancestry.
  4. New organism: It shows that classification systems are not fixed; they can be revised when new evidence becomes available.
  5. Importance of conservation: Organisms are interconnected. Loss of one species can affect food webs, pollination, seed dispersal, nutrient cycling and ecosystem stability.
  6. All unicellular organisms in one kingdom: This would group organisms with fundamentally different cell structures, nutrition and evolutionary relationships, making classification less meaningful.
  7. Viruses: They contain genetic material but lack cellular organisation and therefore do not fit the criteria used for the five kingdoms.
  8. Habitat-only classification: For example, unrelated organisms such as fish, aquatic plants and aquatic invertebrates could be grouped together merely because they live in water, despite major differences in structure and ancestry.
  9. New multicellular eukaryote: Its lack of chlorophyll and absorptive nutrition make it more similar to fungi than animals under the stated classification criteria, although final placement would require examination of additional characteristics.
  10. Biodiversity and ecosystem stability: Different organisms perform different ecological roles—plants produce food and oxygen, animals pollinate and disperse seeds, and microorganisms recycle nutrients. Their interactions help maintain ecosystem balance.

J. Long-Answer Answer Points

  1. Importance of classification: Organisation of biodiversity; systematic study; comparison of similarities/differences; understanding relationships; identification and naming; conservation; worldwide scientific communication.
  2. Classification criteria: External features; nutrition; internal structures; cell structure; ecological role; reproduction; genetic similarity/DNA.
  3. Development: Aristotle—habitat and appearance; two kingdoms—Plantae/Animalia; three-kingdom system—separated simpler organisms; four-kingdom system—separated fungi; five kingdoms—Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia; later genetic evidence led to three domains.
  4. Five kingdoms: Monera—unicellular prokaryotes; Protista—unicellular eukaryotes; Fungi—heterotrophic absorptive organisms with chitinous walls; Plantae—multicellular autotrophic organisms; Animalia—multicellular heterotrophic organisms.
  5. Plant groups: Thallophyta—simple thallus; Bryophyta—non-vascular, moisture-dependent; Pteridophyta—vascular, seedless; Gymnosperms—naked seeds; Angiosperms—flowers, fruits and enclosed seeds.
  6. Land adaptations: Development of specialised structures, vascular tissues, seeds and reproductive structures progressively improved support, transport, water conservation and reproduction on land.
  7. Animal classification: Non-chordates lack a notochord; protochordates possess a notochord at least once; vertebrates possess a vertebral column. Major vertebrate groups are fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
  8. Invertebrate groups: Porifera—pores; Cnidaria—tentacles/tissues; Platyhelminthes—flatworms; Nematoda—cylindrical body/two openings; Annelida—segmentation; Arthropoda—jointed appendages/exoskeleton; Mollusca—soft body; Echinodermata—calcium-carbonate internal skeleton.
  9. Binomial nomenclature: Two parts—genus and species; genus begins with capital letter; species begins with lowercase; printed names are italicised and handwritten names are underlined.
  10. Three domains: Carl Woese proposed Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya using genetic evidence. Similar DNA indicates possible common ancestry and revealed greater diversity among microscopic organisms.
  11. Fossils: Fossils are preserved remains/evidence of ancient organisms in rocks, sand and mud. They act as natural records showing how life has changed over geological time.
  12. Threats to biodiversity: Pollution, deforestation, overuse of resources and climate change. Species loss can affect dependent organisms and ecological balance; therefore biodiversity conservation is essential.
  13. Classification and conservation: Classification identifies species, reveals their relationships and helps recognise threatened organisms, thereby supporting conservation planning.